CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF NEUROENDOCRINE DYSFUNCTIONS IN PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME
Keywords:
premenstrual syndrome (PMS), premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), neuroendocrine dysfunction, allopregnanolone, serotonin, luteal phase, psychoneuroendocrinology.Abstract
This thesis evaluates the clinical manifestations of neuroendocrine dysfunctions in women suffering from Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and its severe variant, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD). By analyzing the complex interactions between ovarian steroids and central neurotransmitter systems—specifically serotonin and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)—the study elucidates why normal cyclical hormonal changes trigger profound physical and psycho-emotional symptoms in susceptible individuals. The findings underscore the necessity of recognizing PMS as a central neuroendocrine disorder, which fundamentally shifts the therapeutic approach toward neuro-pharmacological and targeted hormonal interventions.
References
1. Yonkers, K. A., O'Brien, P. M., & Eriksson, E. (2008). Premenstrual syndrome. The Lancet, 371(9619), 1200-1210.
2. Rapkin, A. J., & Akopians, A. L. (2012). Pathophysiology of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Menopause International, 18(2), 52- 59.
3. Hofmeister, S., & Bodden, S. (2016). Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. American Family Physician, 94(3), 236-240.
4. Bäckström, T., Andreen, L., Birzniece, V., Björn, I., Johansson, I. M., Nordenstam-Haghjo, M., ... & Turkmen, S. (2003). The role of hormones and hormonal interventions in premenstrual syndrome. CNS Drugs, 17(5), 325-342.
