PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL CONSEQUENCES OF IMPAIRED INSULIN SECRETION IN THE HUMAN BODY
Abstract
Insulin is a peptide hormone secreted by pancreatic β-cells and plays a fundamental role in maintaining glucose homeostasis. Dysregulation of insulin secretion has been recognized as a central pathogenic factor in the onset and progression of metabolic disorders, particularly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which currently affects more than 537 million people worldwide and is projected to reach 783 million cases by 2045 (International Diabetes Federation, 2022). Insulin secretory defects precede clinical manifestations and contribute to systemic metabolic imbalance, increasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and microvascular complications. Despite significant therapeutic progress, the global burden of T2DM continues to rise, indicating the urgent need for deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying β-cell dysfunction.
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